In particular, in a large democracy like India, we are all aware that the media is regarded as the fourth pillar of democracy, after the Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary. The right to freedom of speech and expression is guaranteed by Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution. However, Article 19(2) of the Indian Constitution places some limitations on this freedom.[1] However, the meaning and reach of the media have changed over time, and the primary cause of this change has been the quick pace of technological progress.
Print media is the oldest method of communication when considering its history. It first appeared during the 15th and 17th centuries, becoming the first genuine means of mass communication.[2] Print media has impacted major areas like education, literature, and politics throughout the years.[3]
The rise of periodicals and magazines throughout the 18th and 19th centuries saw a significant growth in print media. Additionally, developments in printing technology increased its reach and efficiency at the same time. By disseminating political ideas, social reforms, and public awareness, the print media slowly transformed into a potent instrument of democracy.[4]
The 20th century brought a revolutionary shift with the introduction of radio in the 1920s, followed by the advent of television between the 1930s and 1950s. These electronic media platforms redefined communication, making information accessible to a much larger audience.[5]
In the current era, technological progress is at its peak. The introduction of the internet and social media platforms such as WhatsApp, Instagram, Twitter (now X), Facebook, and others has turned almost every smartphone user into a media participant. Information is now instant and widespread. Looking ahead, the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) is expected to further transform the nature of media and its role in protecting democracy.
Thus, media has consistently evolved—from print to electronic to digital—and continues to act as a vital pillar of democracy by informing citizens, influencing public opinion, and holding those in power accountable.
Effect of Technological Advancements on the Role of Media as the Fourth Pillar of Democracy-
It is crucial to remember that every technological development has both advantages and disadvantages when discussing how it affects media in democracies. The development of media is no exception. Benefits of Technological Developments for Maintaining Democracy
Positive Impact of Technological Advancements in Upholding Democracy-
Citizen Journalism
The nature of media has drastically changed since the introduction of social media and the internet. Every person with a smartphone can now connect with the world and express their opinions, including those on social and political issues, through a variety of platforms. Because of this change, the information flow is now more democratic, enabling regular people to voice their opinions, engage in public debate, and even hold the government responsible.[6]
Watchdog of Democracy
The Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary are the three main branches of government recognised in a nation like India. The media serves as the vehicle for informing the public about these organs’ actions. Maintaining the rule of law[7] and defending democracy depend heavily on this function. The scope of media has expanded due to technological advancements, especially the emergence of social media. Citizens can now voice their concerns on their own and guarantee accountability if there is any disparity at the local level.
Pressuring the Government to Take Action in the Public Interest
The media and social media have the power to pressure the government into taking actions that are in line with the needs and desires of the populace.[8] Modern media acts by drawing attention to public grievances, elevating voices, and influencing public opinion. Act as a bridge between the government and the governed, thereby safeguarding democracy.
Reducing Political Influence through Technology
Traditional media often faced limitations due to its dependence on government advertisements and financial backing, which sometimes brought it under the influence of the ruling establishment, making it partial. However, the rise of the internet and social media platforms such as YouTube, Instagram, and independent news portals has reduced this dependency. Individuals now have the freedom to provide accurate information without fear or reliance on the government.[9] This independence not only ensures transparency but also helps protect the fundamental rights of citizens and strengthens democracy.
Negative Impact of Technological Advancements on the Role of Media in Upholding Democracy-
Spread of Misinformation
With the easy access to the internet and social media, the widespread circulation of misinformation has become a major concern.[10] Since every individual can now create and share content, information is often manipulated and spread globally within seconds. Such misinformation not only misleads the public but also poses a serious threat to the democratic fabric of any country by distorting facts and influencing public opinion.
Paid and biased News
Another significant challenge is the rise of paid and biased news. At times, social media influencers and large media houses selectively present news under the influence of financial gains or other vested interests.[11] This practice damages the credibility of media, weakens people’s trust, and creates an unfair tilt in favour of selected political parties and there ideologies. Ultimately, it undermines democratic values by depriving citizens of fair and impartial information necessary for informed decision-making.
Misuse of Media for Propaganda
Sometimes, political parties misuse media and social media platforms to promote their propaganda.[12] By creating selective narratives and grabbing public attention, they attempt to set their own political agenda or settle personal scores. This misuse of media manipulates public opinion and weakens the democratic process.
Lack of Legitimacy
A growing concern in the digital era is the lack of legitimacy in news and information. Many media houses and social media influencers share content that is not properly verified.[13] While such information may seem important, the absence of authenticity often results in misinformation, confusion, and mistrust among the public. This undermines both democratic values and the credibility of media itself.
Media Trial
Media trial is another serious issue in modern times. Often, when a case or incident occurs, large media houses and social media users begin their own investigations based on very little evidence or mere assumptions. In doing so, they sometimes hold individuals guilty in the eyes of the public without any judicial confirmation. This practice not only damages reputations but also interferes with the fair trial process. Even Justice A.K. Sikri, while addressing a conference, highlighted this concern by remarking that in the digital age, media has moved into an era of “speed and fake news,” raising doubts about the accuracy and responsibility of reportage.[14]
Conclusion
All things considered, the development of media—from print to electronic to digital—has made it the fourth pillar of democracy. Technological developments have bolstered accountability, empowered citizen journalism, and forced governments to act in the public interest. But they have also had to contend with issues that jeopardise democratic values, like propaganda, paid news, disinformation, and media trials. The media must maintain its independence, act responsibly, and strike a balance between speed and accuracy in order to fulfil its role. Only then can democracy be strengthened rather than undermined by technological advancement.
[1] The Constitution of India, art. 19(1)(a); art. 19(2), Part III: Fundamental Rights (Govt. of India, 1950).
[2]Printing press,” Encyclopaedia Britannica (15th–17th century origins of mass communication) (Visited on Sept. 6, 2025).
[3]Johannes Gutenberg, Encyclopaedia Britannica (Biography and invention of printing press, 15th century) (Visited on Sept. 6, 2025).
[4]“Newspaper,” Encyclopaedia Britannica (Expansion of newspapers during the 18th–19th century) (Visited on Sept. 6, 2025).
[5]“Radio,” Encyclopaedia Britannica (1920s emergence as mass medium) (Visited on Sept. 6, 2025).
[6]“Citizen Journalism,” Encyclopaedia Britannica (Concept and growth through internet/social media) (Visited on Sept. 6, 2025).
[7]The Constitution of India, supra note 1.
[8]UNESCO, Journalism, Fake News and Disinformation: Handbook (2018) (Visited on Sept. 6, 2025).
[9]Digital 2025: India Report, DataReportal / We Are Social (Social media usage statistics) (Visited on Sept. 6, 2025).
[10]“Fake news and democracy,” UNESCO Report (2020) (Visited on Sept. 6, 2025).
[11]“Fake news and democracy,” UNESCO Report (2020) (Visited on Sept. 6, 2025).
[12] PRS India, Issues Related to Paid News, Parliamentary Research Service (2013) (Visited on Sept. 6, 2025).
[13]Reuters Institute, Digital News Report 2024 (Visited on Sept. 6, 2025).
[14]Judging Is Under Stress In Digital Era, Says Justice A.K. Sikri,” NDTV, Feb. 10, 2019 (Visited on Sept. 6, 2025).
Author Name- Piyush Mani Tripathi is a BBA.LL.B (H) Student at Indian Institute of Legal Studies, Siliguri.
